C


 * English Glossary**

Caesaropapism: the direct involvement of the ruler in religious doctrine and practice as if he were the head of the church as well as the state.

Cahiers de dolances: meaning "list of grievances". Petitions for reforms submitted to the French crown when the Estates General met in 1789.

Caliphate: the true line of succession to Muhammad.


 * Calvinist:** member of the Protestant Church based on the teaching of John Calvin.

Campaign:

Canon law:

Cardinal:

Capital: the stock of goods, buildings, etc., used in production which have been themselves produced. This stock enhaces the productivity of the other factors of production -land and labour-, and usually entails some diversion of productive forces from consumer goods for their creation. The incentive for firms to invest in such capital goods is to keep up with, or overtake, their competitors.


 * Capitalism:** economic system based on private enterprise.

Capitalist

Capitation: French poll-tax

**Carelessness: **the quality of not being careful

Cargo:


 * Cartel:** group of businesses linked together to control the market.


 * Cartelisation:** domination by cartels.

Cartography:

Catholic: meaning "universal". The body of belief held by most Christians enshrined within the church.

Cattle: large ruminant animals with horns and cloven hoofs, chiefly domesticated for meat or milk or as beasts of burden; cows and oxen.

Celibacy:

Censor: official of the Roman republic charged with conducting the census and compiling the lists of citizens and members of the Senate. They could expel senators for financial or moral reasons. Two censors were elected every five years.

Censorship

Census records:

Centralised:


 * Central Powers:** the WWI (1914-1918) wartime alliance of Germay, Austria, Turkey and Bulgaria.


 * Centuries:** the smallest band of soldiers in the Roman army consisting of 80-100 men.

Ceremony: the words or actions of a church service as set out in a prayer book.

Cesspool:


 * Chancellor:** leader, prime minister, of Germany.


 * Charismatic:** inspiring great enthusiasm and loyalty.

Charity:

Chateaux:

Chattels:


 * Chauvinism:** extreme nationalism, hostile to other countries.

Cheka


 * Chivalry:** the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral and social code.

Cholera:

Christian:

Church ales:

Churchwardens: people in a parish who care for the local churh's building, decoration and furniture.

City state:

Civil code:

Civil rights

Civil War:

Civilisation: a form of human culture marked by urbanism, matallurgy, and writing.

Clergy:

Clientage: the custom in ancient Rome whereby men became supporters of more powerful men in return for legal and physical protection and economic benefits.


 * Coalition:** combination; government formed from more than one party.

**Coarser: **vulgar, common, indecent, without good taste

Coffer: a chest used for storing money.


 * Cohort:** a group of six **centuries** (480-600) men, in the Roman army.


 * Cold War:** post-1945 hostility between the democratic West and the Soviet Union. The ideological and geographical struggle between the United States and its allies and the USSR and its allies that began after World War II and lasted until the dissolution of the USSR in early 1990s.


 * Collateral security:** bonds or property pledged as a guarantee for the repayment of a loan.


 * Collective Security:** security gained through joining an alliance or signing an agreement where the security of each state is guaranteed by the others.

Collectivisation

Coloni: farmers or sharecroppers on the estates of wealthy Romans.

Colonist:

Colony


 * Colosseum:** built in Rome in the first century AD. A building open to the sky with a large area where fights took place between gladiators and wild animals. Races and mock naval battles were also shown there.

Comecon

Cominform


 * Comintern:** Communist International movement set up in 1919 to organise worldwide revolution; international body trying to spread communism.


 * Commissar:** government minister in the USSR; also name for a Communist Party official.

Committee:


 * Common law:** law that has developed through custom; not based on statutes or legal code.

Commodity:

Commonwealth:

Community:


 * Communist:** believer in communism, in a society where all are equal and there is no private property.

Complexion:

Compromise:

Concentration camps

Conciliar theory: the argument that General Councils were superior in authority to the pope and represented the whole body of the faithful.

Conciliation:

Concordat: an agreement or treaty.


 * Confederation:** a grouping of states in which each state retains its sovereignty.


 * Conference of Ambassadors:** standing committee set up to supervise the carrying out of the Treaty of Versailles.


 * Congress:** the US parliament.

Conquest:

Conquistadores:

Conscientious Objector:


 * Conscription:** compulsory military service.


 * Conservative:** in favour of maintaining society and political institutions as they are; opposed to revolutionary change.


 * Constituent:** having the power to draw up a constitution.


 * Constitution:** document laying down basic laws of how a country should be run.

Constitutional:

Consuls: the two chief magistrates of the Roman state during the times of the republic. Also, a title for a leader of a republican government.

Containment (policy): the U.S. policy during the Cold War of resisting Soviet expansion and influence in the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse.

Continental system: Napoleon's scheme to try and make all France and all lands conquered by France boycott British-made goods. It failed.

**Contrived: **to plan

Controversial:


 * Convent:** a place where women, usually nuns, live together in a religious community.

Convict:

Convoy

Coolie:

Cope: a large cloak worn by a priest.


 * Corporatist:** economic system based on workers and employers working together as one body to increase production.

Corrupt/corruption: dishonest and open to bribery.


 * Cosmopolitan:** belonging to the whole world not a particular country.


 * Council:** body elected by ordinary people; see //soviet//.


 * Council of Nicaea:** the council of Christian bishops at Nicaea in 325 AD that formulated the Nicene Creed, a statement of Christian belief that rejected Arianism in favor of the doctrine that Christ is both fully human and fully divine.
 * Counter-revolution:** a revolution in reaction to an earlier revolution, to reverse its results.


 * Coup d'etat:** blow; sudden seizure of power by a small group; see //putsch.// Also the sudden violent overthrow of a government by its own army.

Court:


 * Court martial:** trial by military court.


 * Covenant:** rules and constitution of the League of Nations.


 * Creditor nation:** a state which lends or invests surplus capital abroad.

Creole:

Crown:

Crusades: religious wars directed by the church against infidels and heretics.

Culture: The ways of living built up by a group and passed on from one generation to another.

Cuneiform: a writing system invented by the Sumerians that used a wedge-shaped stylus, or pointed tool, to write on wet clay tablets that were then baked or dried (cuneus means "wedge" in Latin). The writing was also cut into stone.

Curia: the papal government.

Currency:


 * Customs:** money paid to the government when goods are taken in or out of a country.


 * Customs union:** an economic bloc, the members of which trade freely with each other.

Cynic School: a fourth-century BC philosophical movement that ridiculed all religious observances and turned away from involvement in the affairs of the polis. Its most famous exemplar was Diogener of Sinope (ca. 400-325 BC)

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 * Glosario en español**

Caciquismo:

Capitalismo:

Castas:

Caudillos:

Cepeda (batalla de-):

Clientelar:

Colegio Electoral:

Compadrazgo:

Confederación:

Contratos de aparcería:

Criollo: