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 * English Glossary**

Hegemony:

Hegira: the flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD. It marks the beginning of the Islamica calendar.

Helots: hereditary Spartan serfs

Heliocentric theory: the theory, now universally accepted, that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. First proposed by Aristarchos of Samos (310-230 BC). Its opposite, the geocentric theory, which was dominant until the 16th century AD, held that the sun and the planets revolved around the earth.

Heretic: a person whose beliefs were contrary to those of the Catholic Church.

Hieroglyphics: the complicated writing script of ancient Egypt. It combined picture writing with pictographs and sound signs. Hieroglyph means "sacred carvings" in Greek.

Holocaust: the Nazi externination of millions of European Jews between 1940 and 1945. Also called "the Final Solution of the Jewish problem."

Holy Roman Empire: the revival of the old Roman Empire, based mainly in Germany and northern Italy, that endured from 870 to 1806.

Homo Sapiens: the scientific name for human beings, from the Latin words meaning "wise man". Homo sapiens emerged some 200,000 years ago.

Hoplite phalanx: the basic unit of Greek warfare in which infantrymen fought in close order, shield to shield, usually eight ranks deep. The phalanx perfectly suited the farmer-soldier-citizen who was the backbone of the polis.

Hubris: Greek word meaning arrogance brought on by excessive wealth or good fortune. The Greeks believed it led to moral blindness and divine vengeance.

Hussits: followers of John Huss (d.1415) who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist.

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 * Glosario en español**

Hacendado:

Hegemonía: