P

English Glossary

Paleolithic Age: the earliest period when stone tools were used, from about 1,000,000 to 10,000 BC. From the Greek meaning "old stone".

Panhellenic: ("all-Greek") the sense of cultural identity that all Greeks felt in common with each other.

Papal States: territory in central Italy ruled by the pope until 1870.

Parlements: French pre-revolutionary local law courts.

Paris Peace Conference

Paternalism: 'Fatherly' attitude shown by a ruler or government. All decisions are made for the people, thus taking away personal responsibility.

Patricians: the hereditary upper class of early Republican Rome.

Patrons: Those who could offer jobs, promotion or favours to other individuals.


 * Peasantry / Peasants:** the class that makes its living through small-scale farming and labor / the members of the peasantry.

Peloponnesian Wars: the protracted struggle between Athens and Sparta to dominate Greece between 465 and Athens final defeat in 404 BC.

Peloponnesus: the southern peninsula of Greece where Sparta was located.

Perestroika: meaning "restructuring". The attempt in the 1980s to reform the Soviet government and economy.

Persecution

**Petty: **little, trivial, of little importance

Pharaoh: the god-kings of ancient Egypt. The term originally meant "great house" or palace.

Pharisees: the group that was most strict in its adherence to Jewish law.

Phoenicians: the ancient inhabitants of modern Lebanon. A trading people, they established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.

Plebeians: the hereditary lower class of early Republican Rome.

Plenitude of power: the teaching that the popes have power over all other bishops of the church.

Polis:the basic Greek political unit. Usually, but incompletely, translated as "city-state", the Greeks thought of the polis as a community of citizens theoretically descended from a common ancestor.

Polytheism: the worship of many gods.

Pontifex maximus: meaning "supreme priest." The chief priest of ancient Rome. The title was later assumed by the popes.

Popish: an insulting term for Roman Catholic.

Populares: Roman politicians who sought to pursue a political career based on the support of the people rather than just the aristocracy.

Poverty

**Praises: **an expression of approval; offering of words of homage as an act of worship

Pre-revolutionary: something that happened before a revolution.

Préfets: French local government officials, each responsible for a département. Introduced by Napoleon.

Private enterprise: The economic activities of a country or a community which are independent of government control and directed to satisfy private wants.

**Proconsulship: **in Republican Rome, the extension of a consul's imperium beyond the end of his term of office to allow him to continue to command an army in the field.

**Profited: ** make a profit, gain money or materially

Propaganda

Protest

Protestant: someone who protested against the Roman Catholic Church and who set up their own church.

Provisional Government

**Pulpit: **platform raised above the ground level from where someone can give speeches, usually the place where the priest stands in the church

Punic Wars: three wars betwee Rome and Carthage for dominance of the western Mediterranean that were fought from 264 BC to 146 BC.

Purges

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Glosario en español

Papel moneda:

Patentes:

Patrón oro:

Peninsular:

Populista:

Productividad:

Proletariado: